Water Defluoridation Methods Applied in Rural Areas over the World

Wamalwa Wambu, Enos

Primo

;Frau, Franco

Secondo

;Machunda, Revocatus;Pasape, Lilliane;S. Barasa, Stephen

Penultimo

;Ghiglieri, Giorgio

Ultimo

2022-01-01

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Abstract

Overexposure to fluoride (F) through drinking water is the most widespread water problem in the world, but it has now exacerbated due to rapid population growth rates, adverse climatic changes, and increasing levels of water scarcity. Thus, despite the large amounts of data, which has accrued on mitigation methods of high F is still the primary impediment to drinking water programs among many developing nations. The current review chapter on F mitigation techniques applied world-over is aimed at providing a succinct overview of water defluoridation techniques and strategies being used to combat the impact of human F overexposure. It represents a starting point to understand the prospects of reducing the global F impact. It is anticipated that this work will lay a strong foundation for this and also inform strategies for safeguarding public health and the environment from F pollution.