Salivary proteome changes in subjects affected by celiac disease and type 1 diabetes

ARBA, MORENA;Pisano E.;Ripoli C.;Iavarone F.;Vincenzoni F.;Castagnola M.;Cabras T.;Messana I;SANNA, MARIA TERESA

2014-01-01

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Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D), caused by an irreversible autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreatic islets, affects approximately 0.4% of Europeans and is strongly clustered in families. Celiac disease (CD), which results from an immune, inflammatory reaction in the small intestine to a complex mixture of storage proteins (glutenins and gliadins) present in wheat and other cereals [1], occurs approximately in 0.1-1% of Europeans, but more frequently in T1D patients, especially children. An increasing incidence of T1D and CD during recent decades has been reported and in Sardinia the incidence of new T1D diagnosis per year is the highest in the word after Finland. We have analysed by ESI-MS the acid-soluble fraction of whole saliva [2] from 14 CD­T1D patients and 14 healthy subjects and by 2D-PAGE the acid-insoluble fraction of whole saliva from 10 CD­T1D patients and 10 healthy subjects. A number of proteins and peptides showed a different concentration in the two groups: in the soluble fraction α-defensin 1, 2, 3, and 4 were significantly increased, and the S100A9 isoforms (long glutathionylated and short monophosphorylated-oxidated) decreased in T1D-CD patients. 2D-PAGE analysis of the insoluble fraction revealed that cytokeratin 13, a protein present in stratifying non-keratinizying oral mucosa, was increased and other proteins, including S100A9 isoforms (short monophosphorylated and monophosphorylated-oxidized form), were decreased significantly in saliva of T1D-CD subjects. The presence of S100A9 isoforms both in soluble and insoluble fractions of saliva suggests that this family of proteins forms insoluble aggregates.